Nearly 95 percent of voters in a referendum approved the new charter, which was backed by Mugabe and Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai, political rivals who were forced into a power-sharing deal after disputed elections in 2008.
The turnout, at slightly more than half the 6 million eligible voters, was higher than many had expected. Analysts said the presidential and parliamentary election expected in the second half of the year could draw out even more voters in what will be seen as a showdown between Mugabe and Tsvangirai.
A high turnout in the rural areas that have traditionally supported Mugabe’s ZANU-PF party suggests the vote is headed for a tense rural-versus-urban split if Tsvangirai’s Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) mobilizes supporters in high numbers.
The new charter sets a maximum of two five-year terms for the president. However, the limit will not apply retroactively, so Mugabe, 89, and in power since independence from Britain in 1980, could still theoretically rule for the next decade.
Presidential decrees will also require majority backing in the cabinet, and declaring emergency rule or dissolving parliament will need the approval of two-thirds of lawmakers, changes that will take effect after the next election.
The new constitution and referendum were conditions of the 2008 power-sharing deal.
The turnout of more than 3 million people was the largest since 1985. Even bigger numbers are expected in the presidential and parliamentary elections, in which Mugabe will face a new crop of voters born since 1980.
“On the face of it, I think this referendum confirms that we are going to have a very tight electoral race,” said Eldred Masunungure, professor of political science at Harare’s University of Zimbabwe.
“People in urban areas were cynical and didn’t put much value in the constitution, but the general election will be a different game altogether.”
Although the referendum passed off without incident, Mugabe detractors are seizing on the arrest at the weekend of four MDC staff members and leading human rights lawyer Beatrice Mtetwa as evidence that ZANU-PF is bent on intimidating rivals ahead of the elections.